Use of a duplex stainless steel alloy

ABSTRACT

A method of providing corrosion resistance, structural stability, mechanical strength and workability in applications with aggressive environments such as chloride-containing environments, are realized by providing at least one article formed from a composition which includes (in weight- %) up to 0.03% C, up to 0.5% Si, 24.0-30.0% Cr, 4.9-10.0% Ni, 3.0-5.0% Mo, 0.28-0.5% N, 0-3.0% Mn, 0-0.0030% B, up to 0.010%, 0-0.03% Al, 0-0.010% Ca, 0-3.0% W, 0-2.0% Cu, 0-3.5% Co, 0-0.3% Ru, balance Fe and inevitable impurities. The ferrite content is 40 to 65 volume % and a PRE number of at least between 46 and 50 in both the austenite and ferrite phase, and with an optimum ratio or relationship between PRE austenite and PRE ferrite in the range of 0.90 to 1.15; preferably between 0.9 and 1.05.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0001] The present invention relates to stainless steel alloys, and more particularly to a duplex stainless steel alloy with ferritic-austenitic matrix with high resistance to corrosion in combination with good structural stability and a combination of mechanical properties which make it suitable for use in applications in environments where a high corrosion resistance is required, such as in chloride-containing environments, such as oil refining processes and hydro-metallurgical processes.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0002] In the description of the background of the present invention that follows reference is made to certain structures and methods, however, such references should not necessarily be construed as an admission that these structures and methods qualify as prior art under the applicable statutory provisions. Applicants reserve the right to demonstrate that any of the referenced subject matter does not constitute prior art with regard to the present invention.

[0003] As the accessibility to natural resources such as minerals and metals becomes more and more limited, their deposits smaller and smaller, and of poorer quality, new deposits are sought out which hitherto were not exploited because of high costs for the exploitation of such deposits and the following refinement. Such deposits can be situated where recovery by conventional extraction means are more impossible or impractical by conditions such as high temperatures, contaminated environments, and salt-bearing subsoil water. In particular, these problems are prevalent in the extractions of minerals and metals, such as nickel and bauxite for the production of aluminum. Deposits in rocks, which previously were out of reach of cost-effective extraction, can with the help of new extraction methods such as hydro metallurgy become accessible.

[0004] In such applications, new requirements are placed on metallic materials with regard to corrosion resistance and mechanical properties. Duplex stainless steel alloys are established and become more and more successful in such application, because they resist different types of corrosion, high temperatures and high pressures, together with mechanical stresses, which can lead to erosion corrosion.

[0005] Previously used metallic materials are titanium-alloyed and super duplex alloys. The superduplex steel Zeron 100 shows problems at welds, mainly caused by an unbalanced microstructure as a result of precipitation of sigma phase.

[0006] When oil or gas is extracted, different products will be manufactured, such as fuel for cars or aircrafts, raw material for the production of plastics, etc. This involves heating and heat transport of natural parts in the refining process. The heating and cooling of medium are another source of further problems with corrosion. During the refining process the products will be transported in pipeline systems and be desalinated. Then it will be destillated in order to decompose it into its components and then cooled down in overhead condensers. The cooling will often be carried out with the help of seawater or other chloride-containing water or air. After distillation the fractions will be further refined by removal of H₂S, CO₂ and other impurities, even those were added during the process. At every process step the fluids are heated, processed and cooled. Recently, tubes made from different steel grades are used for these applications with various degrees of success in these applications which are subjected to very high internal corrosion from the process fluids as well as corrosion effects from the outside.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0007] It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a duplex stainless steel alloy, which shows high corrosion resistance in combination with improved mechanical properties and which is most appropriate for use in environments where a high resistance to general corrosion and localized corrosion and erosion corrosion is required, at the same time as it possesses mechanical properties which lead to extended life time of components in applications such as oil refining and hydro-metallurgical processes.

[0008] The material according to the present invention, although having a high alloying content exhibits extraordinarily workability, particularly hot workability and shall be well-suited for production as bars, tubes, such as welded and seamless tubes, plate, strip, wire, welding wire, constructive parts, such as e.g. flanges and couplings.

[0009] According to the present invention, these objects are fulfilled with the use or incorporation of duplex stainless steel alloys, which contain (in weight %) up to 0.03% C, up to 0.5% Si, 24.0-30.0% Cr, 4.9-10.0% Ni, 3.0-5.0% Mo, 0.28-0.5% N, 0-3.0% Mn, 0-0.0030% B, up to 0.010% S, 0-0.03% Al, 0-0.010% Ca, 0-3.0% W, 0-2.0% Cu, 0-3.5% Co, 0-0.3% Ru, balance Fe and inevitable impurities and which shows a content of ferrite in the range of 40 to 65 volume % and a PRE number of at least between 46 and 50 in both the austenite and ferrite phases and with an optimum relationship between PRE austenite and PRE ferrite in the range of 0.90 to 1.15; preferably between 0.9 and 1.05.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING FIGURES

[0010]FIG. 1 shows CPT values from tests of the test heats in the modified ASTM G48C test in “Green Death” solution compared with the duplex steels SAF2507, SAF 2906 as well as that high alloyed austenitic steel 654SMO.

[0011]FIG. 2 shows CPT values attained with the assistance of the modified ASTM G48C test in “Green Death” solution for the test heats compared with the duplex steel SAF2507 as well as the austenitic steel 654SMO.

[0012]FIG. 3 shows average amount for avfrätningen in mm/year in 2% HCl at a temperature of 75° C.

[0013]FIG. 4 shows scores from hot ductility testing for most of the heats.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0014] A systematic development work has surprisingly shown that by means of a well-balanced combination of the elements Cr, Mo, Ni, N, Mn and Co can obtain an optimal dispersion of the elements in the ferrite and austenite phases, which enables a very corrosion resistant material only with an insignificant amount of sigma phase in the material. The material also has good workability, which enables extruding to form seamless tubes. It shows that with the purpose to obtain a combination of high corrosion resistance in connection with good structural stability, a specific combination of alloying elements in the material is required. The alloy according to the invention contains (in weight %): C Max 0.03% Si Max 0.5% Mn   0-3.0% Cr 24.0-30.0% Ni  4.9-10.0% Mo >3.0-5.0% N 0.28-0.5%  B   0-0.0030% S max 0.010% Co   0-3.5% W   0-3.0% Cu   0-2.0% Ru   0-0.3% Al   0-0.03% Ca   0-0.010%

[0015] balance Fe and normal occurring impurities and additions, whereby the content of ferrite is 40-65 volume %.

[0016] Carbon (C) has limited solubility in both ferrite and austenite. The limited solubility implies a risk of precipitation of chromium carbides and the content should therefore not exceed 0.03 weight %, preferably not exceed 0.02 weight %.

[0017] Silicon (Si) is utilized as desoxidation agent in the steel production and increases flowability during production and welding. However, excessive contents of Si lead to precipitation of unwanted intermetallic phases, thus the content is limited to max 0.5 weight %, preferably max 0.3 weight %.

[0018] Manganese (Mn) is added in order to increase the N solubility in the material. However, Mn only has a limited influence on the N solubility in the type of alloy in question. Instead there are other elements found to have with higher influence on the solubility. Besides, Mn in combination with high contents of sulfur can give rise to formation of manganese sulfides, which act as initiation points for pitting corrosion. The content of Mn should therefore be limited to between 0-3.0 weight %, preferably 0.5-1.2 weight %.

[0019] Chromium (Cr) is an active element in order to improve the resistance to a majority of corrosion types. Furthermore, a high content of chromium implies that one gets a very good N solubility in the material. Thus, it is desirable to keep the Cr content as high as possible in order to improve the corrosion resistance. For very good amounts of corrosion resistance the content of chromium should be at least 24.0 weight %, preferably 27.0 -29.0 weight %. However, high contents of Cr increase the risk for intermetallic precipitations, for what reason the content of chromium must be limited up to max 30.0 weight %.

[0020] Nickel (Ni) is used as austenite stabilizing element and is added in suitable amounts in order to obtain the desired content of ferrite. In order to obtain the desired relationship between the austenitic and the ferritic phase with between 40-65 volume % ferrite, an addition of between 4.9-10.0 weight % nickel, preferably 4.9-8.0 weight %, is required.

[0021] Molybdenum (Mo) is an active element, which improves the resistance to corrosion in chloride environments as well as preferably in reducing acids. Too high of a Mo content in combination with high Cr contents implies that the risk for intermetallic precipitations increases. The Mo content in the present invention should lie in the range of 3.0-5.0 weight %, preferably 3.6-4.7 weight %, in particular 4.0-4.3 weight %.

[0022] Nitrogen (N) is a very active element, which increases the corrosion resistance, the structural stability as well as the strength of the material. Further, a high N content improves recovery of the austenite after welding, which gives good properties within the welded joint. In order to obtain a good effect of N, at least 0.28 weight % N should be added. At high contents of N, the risk for precipitation of chromium nitrides increases, especially when the chromium content is also high. Further, a high N content implies that the risk for porosity increases because of the exceeded solubility of N in the melt. For these reasons the N content should be limited to max 0.5 weight %, preferably >0.35 - 0.45 weight % N is added.

[0023] Boron (B) is added in order to increase the hot workability of the material. At an excessive content of boron the weldability as well as the corrosion resistance could deteriorate. Therefore, the content of boron should be limited to 0.0030 weight %.

[0024] Sulfur (S) influences the corrosion resistance negatively by forming soluble sulfides. Further, the hot workability detonates, for this reason the content of sulfur is limited to max 0.010 weight %.

[0025] Cobalt (Co) is added primarily in order to improve the structural stability as well as the corrosion resistance. Co is an austenite-stabilizing element. In order to obtain an effect the Co content should at least 0.5 weight %, preferably at least 1.5 weight %. Because cobalt is a relatively expensive element, the addition of cobalt is therefor limited to max 3.5 weight %.

[0026] Tungsten increases the resistance to pitting and crevice corrosion. But the addition of too much tungsten in combination with high Cr contents as well as high Mo contents, means that the risk for intermetallic precipitations increases. The W content in the present invention should be 0-3.0 weight %, preferably 0.5 to 1.8 weight %.

[0027] Copper is added in order to improve the general corrosion resistance in acid environments such as sulfuric acid. At the same time Cu influences structural stability. However, high contents of Cu imply that the solid solubility will be exceeded. Therefor the Cu content should be limited to max 2.0 weight %, preferably 0.5 to 1.5 weight %.

[0028] Ruthenium (Ru) is added in order to increase the corrosion resistance. Because ruthenium is a very expensive element, the content should be limited to max 0.3 weight %, preferably more than 0 and up to 0.1 weight %.

[0029] Aluminum (Al) and Calcium (Ca) are used as desoxidation agents at the steel production. The content of Al should be limited to max 0.03 weight % in order to limit the forming of nitrides. Ca has a favorable effect on the hotductility. However, the Ca content should be limited to 0.010 weight % in order to avoid an unwanted amount of slag.

[0030] The content of ferrite is important in order to obtain good mechanical properties and corrosion properties as well as good weldability. From a corrosion resistance point of view and a point of view of weldability, a content of ferrite of 40-65% is desirable in order to obtain good properties. Further, high contents of ferrite imply that the impact strength at low temperatures as well as the resistance to hydrogen-induced brittleness suffers. The content of ferrite is therefore 40-65 volume %, preferably 42-60 volume %, more preferably 45-55 volume %.

[0031] In the illustrative examples below the compositions of a number of test heats are presented, which illustrate the effect of different alloying elements on the properties. Heat 605182 represents a reference composition and is consequently not a part of this invention. The remaining heats should not be considered as limiting the invention, rather only examples which illustrate the invention according to the claims.

[0032] The specified PRE numbers or values are calculated according to the PREW formula, even though this is not explicitly mentioned.

EXAMPLE 1

[0033] The test heats according to this example were produced by casting of 170 kg ingots in the laboratory, which were hot forged to round bars. Those were hot extruded to bars (round bars as well as flat bars), where test material was taken out from the round bars. Further, the flat bars were annealed before cold rolling took place, whereafter further test material was taken out. From a materials engineering point of view, the process can be considered being representative for production on a bigger scale, for example for the production of seamless tubes by the extrusion method, followed by cold rolling. Table 1 shows the composition of the first batch of test heats. TABLE 1 Composition of test heats, weight %. C Mn Cr Ni Mo W Co N 605193 1.03 27.90 8.80 4.00 0.01 0.02 0.36 605195 0.97 27.90 9.80 4.00 0.01 0.97 0.48 605197 1.07 28.40 8.00 4.00 1.00 1.01 0.44 605178 0.91 27.94 7.26 4.01 0.99 0.10 0.44 605183 1.02 28.71 6.49 4.03 0.01 1.00 0.28 605184 0.99 28.09 7.83 4.01 0.01 0.03 0.44 605187 2.94 27.74 4.93 3.98 0.01 0.98 0.44 605153 2.78 27.85 6.93 4.03 1.01 0.02 0.34 605182 0.17 23.48 7.88 5.75 0.01 0.05 0.26

[0034] In order to investigate the structural stability, samples from every heat were annealed at 900-1150° C. with steps of 50° C. and were quenched in air or water. At the lowest temperatures an intermetallic phase was formed. The lowest temperature, where the amount of intermetallic phase became insignificant, was determined with the help of studies with a light optical microscope. New samples from respective heats were annealed afterwards at said temperature for five minutes, whereafter the samples were cooled down with the constant cooling rate of −140° C./min to room temperature. Subsequently, the area fraction of sigma phase in the materials was determined with digital scanning of the pictures with back-scattering electrons in a scanning electron microscope. The results appear from Table 2.

[0035] T_(max) sigma was calculated with Thermo-Calc (TC version N thermodynamic database for steel TCFE99) based on characteristic amounts for all specified elements in the different variations. T_(max) sigma is the dissolving temperature for the sigma phase, where high dissolving temperatures indicate lower structural stability. TABLE 2 Heat Heat treatment Amount σ [vol-%] Tmax σ 605193 1100° C., 5 min 7.5% 1016 605195 1150° C., 5 min  32% 1047 605197 1100° C., 5 min  18% 1061 605178 1100° C., 5 min  14% 1038 605183 1050° C., 5 min 0.4% 997 605184 1100° C., 5 min 0.4% 999 605187 1050° C., 5 min 0.3% 962 605153 1100° C., 5 min 3.5% 1032 605182 1100° C., 5 min 2.0% 1028

[0036] The purpose of this investigation is to be able to rank the material with regard to the structural stability, i.e. this is not the real content of sigma phase in the samples, which were heat treated and quenched before for example the corrosion testing. One can see that T_(max) sigma, which was calculated with Thermo-Calc does not directly coincide with the measured amounts of sigma phase, however, it is clear that the test heats with the lowest calculated T_(max) sigma contain the lowest amount sigma phase during this investigation.

[0037] The pitting corrosion properties of all heats were tested for ranking in the so-called “Green Death” solution, which contains 1% FeCl₃, 1% CuCl₂, 11% H₂SO₄, 1.2% HCl. The test procedure is equivalent to the pitting corrosion testing according to ASTM G48C; however, it is carried out in the more aggressive “Green Death” solution. Further, some of the heats were tested according to ASTMG48C (2 tests per heat). Also the electrochemical testing in 3% NaCl (6 tests per heat) was carried out. The results in the form of the Critical Pitting Temperature (CPT) from all tests appear from Table 3, such as the PREW number (Cr+3.3(Mo+0.5W)+16N) for the total composition of the alloy as well as for austenite and ferrite. The indexing alpha refers to the ferrite and gamma refers to the austenite. TABLE 3 CPT ° C. Modified CPT ° C. PRE γ/ ASTM G48C ASTM G48 C CPT ° C. Heat PRE α PRE γ PRE α PRE Green death 6% FeCl₃ 3% NaCl 605193 51.3 49.0 0.9552 46.9 90/90 64 605195 51.5 48.9 0.9495 48.7 90/90 95 605197 53.3 53.7 1.0075 50.3 90/90 >95 >95 605178 50.7 52.5 1.0355 49.8 75/80 94 605183 48.9 48.9 1.0000 46.5 85/85 90 93 605184 48.9 51.7 1.0573 48.3 80/80 72 605187 48.0 54.4 1.1333 48.0 70/75 77 605182 54.4 46.2 0.8493 46.6 75/70 85 62 654SMO 90/85 SAF2507 70/70 SAF2609 60/50

[0038] It is observed that there exists a linear ratio between the lowest PRE number in the austenite or ferrite and the CPT value in the duplex steel, but the results in Table 3 show that the PRE number does not solely explain the CPT values. In FIG. 1 the CPT values from test in the modified ASTM G48C test are shown diagrammatically. The duplex steels SAF2507, SAF2906 as well as the high alloyed austenitic steel 654SMO are included as reference. It is evident from these results that all test materials show better CPT in the modified ASTM G48C than SAF2507 as well as SAF2906. Furthermore some of the test materials show CPT results in the modified ASTM G48C at the same level as or in excess of 654SMO. The test heat 605183, alloyed with cobalt shows good structural stability at a controlled cooling rate of (−140° C./min) in spite of the fact that it contains high contents of chromium as well as of molybdenum, shows better results than SAF2507 and SAF2906. It appears from this investigation that a high PRE does not solely explain the CPT values. The relationship or ratio of PRE austenite/PRE ferrite is of extreme importance for the properties of the higher alloyed duplex steels, and a very narrow and exact balance between the alloying elements is required in order to obtain this optimum ratio, which lies between 0.9-1.15; preferably 0.9-1.05 and simultaneously obtain PRE values of above 46. The ratio PRE austenite/PRE ferrite against CPT in the modified ASTM G48C test for the test heats is given in Table 3.

[0039] The strength at room temperature (RT), 100° C. and 200° C. and the impact strength at room temperature (RT) have been determined for all heats and is shown as average amount for three tests.

[0040] Tensile test specimen (DR-5C50) were manufactured from extruded bars, Ø20 mm, which were heat treated at temperatures according to Table 2 for 20 minutes followed by cooling down in air, or water (605195, 605197, 605184). The results of the tests are presented in Table 4 and 5. The results of the tensile test show that the contents of chromium, nitrogen and tungsten strongly influence the impact strength of the material. Besides 605153, all heats fulfill the requirement of a 25% elongation at tensile testing at room temperature (RT). TABLE 4 Impact strength R_(p0,2) R_(p1,0) R_(m) A5 Z Heat Temperature (MPa) (MPa) (MPa) (%) (%) 605193 RT 652 791 916 29.7 38 100° C. 513 646 818 30.4 36 200° C. 511 583 756 29.8 36 605195 RT 671 773 910 38.0 66 100° C. 563 637 825 39.3 68 200° C. 504 563 769 38.1 64 605197 RT 701 799 939 38.4 66 100° C. 564 652 844 40.7 69 200° C. 502 577 802 35.0 65 605178 RT 712 828 925 27.0 37 100° C. 596 677 829 31.9 45 200° C. 535 608 763 27.1 36 605183 RT 677 775 882 32.4 67 100° C. 560 642 788 33.0 59 200° C. 499 578 737 29.9 52 605184 RT 702 793 915 32.5 60 100° C. 569 657 821 34.5 61 200° C. 526 581 774 31.6 56 605187 RT 679 777 893 35.7 61 100° C. 513 628 799 38.9 64 200° C. 505 558 743 35.8 58 605153 RT 715 845 917 20.7 24 100° C. 572 692 817 29.3 27 200° C. 532 611 749 23.7 31 605182 RT 627 754 903 28.4 43 100° C. 493 621 802 31.8 42

[0041] TABLE 5 Impact Strength Impact Impact Annealing strength Annealing strength Heat [° C./min] Cooling [J] [° C./min] Cooling [J] 605193 1100/20 Air 35 1100/20 Water 242 605195 1150/20 Water 223 605197 1100/20 Water 254 1130/20 Water 259 605178 1100/20 Air 62 1100/20 Water 234 605183 1050/20 Air 79 1050/20 Water 244 605184 1100/20 Water 81 1100/20 Air 78 605187 1050/20 Air 51 1100/20 Water 95 605153 1100/20 Air 50 1100/20 Water 246 605182 1100/20 Air 22 1100/20 Water 324

[0042] This investigation shows clearly that water quenching is certainly necessary in order to obtain the best structure and consequently good values for the impact strength. The requirement of 100J at room temperature is met by all heats, except heat 605184 and 605187, where certainly the latter lies very near the requirement.

[0043] Table 6 shows the results from the Tungsten-Inert-Gas remelting test (henceforth-abbreviated TIG), where the heats 605193, 605183, 605184 as well as 605253 show a good structure in the heat affected zone (Heat Affected Zone, henceforth-abbreviated HAZ). The Ti-containing heats show Tin in HAZ. An excessive chromium and nitrogen content results in precipitation of Cr₂N, which shall be avoided because it detonates the properties of the material. TABLE 6 Precipitations Heat Protective gas Ar (99.99%) 605193 HAZ: OK 605195 HAZ: Large amounts of TIN and σ-phase 605197 HAZ: Small amounts of Cr₂N in δ-grains, but not much 605178 HAZ: Cr₂N in δ-grains, otherwise OK 605183 HAZ: OK 605184 HAZ: OK 605187 HAZ: Cr₂N quite near the meltingbond, no precipitations farther out 605153 HAZ: OK 605182 HAZ: TiN and decorated grainboundaries δ/δ

EXAMPLE 2

[0044] In the below-mentioned example the composition of a further number of test heats produced with the purpose to find an optimum composition is given. These heats are modified starting out from the properties of the heats with good structural stability as well as high corrosion resistance, from the results, which were shown in example 1. All heats in Table 7 are included in the composition according to the present invention, where heats 1-8 are included into a statistical test model, while the heats e to n are additional test alloys within the scope of this invention.

[0045] A number of test heats were produced by casting of 270 kg ingots, which were hot forged to round bars. Those were extruded to bars, wherefrom test samples were taken. Afterwards the bar was annealed before cold rolling to flat bars was executed, after that further test material was taken out. Table 7 shows the composition for these test heats. TABLE 7 Heat Mn Cr Ni Mo W Co Cu Ru B N 1 605258 1.1 29.0 6.5 4.23 1.5 0.0018 0.46 2 605249 1.0 28.8 7.0 4.23 1.5 0.0026 0.38 3 605259 1.1 29.0 6.8 4.23 0.6 0.0019 0.45 4 605260 1.1 27.5 5.9 4.22 1.5 0.0020 0.44 5 605250 1.1 28.8 7.6 4.24 0.6 0.0019 0.40 6 605251 1.0 28.1 6.5 4.24 1.5 0.0021 0.38 7 605261 1.0 27.8 6.1 4.22 0.6 0.0021 0.43 8 605252 1.1 28.4 6.9 4.23 0.5 0.0018 0.37 e 605254 1.1 26.9 6.5 4.8 1.0 0.0021 0.38 f 605255 1.0 28.6 6.5 4.0 3.0 0.0020 0.31 g 605262 2.7 27.6 6.9 3.9 1.0 1.0 0.0019 0.36 h 605263 1.0 28.7 6.6 4.0 1.0 1.0 0.0020 0.40 i 605253 1.0 28.8 7.0 4.16 1.5 0.0019 0.37 j 605266 1.1 30.0 7.1 4.02 0.0018 0.38 k 605269 1.0 28.5 7.0 3.97 1.0 1.0 0.0020 0.45 l 605268 1.1 28.2 6.6 4.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.0021 0.43 m 605270 1.0 28.8 7.0 4.2 1.5 0.1 0.0021 0.41 n 605267 1.1 29.3 6.5 4.23 1.5 0.0019 0.38

[0046] TABLE 8 Thermo-Calc α-formula PRE T_(max) Tmax Variant empirical αT-C total PRE α PRE γ sigma Cr₂N 1 46 50 50.2 47.8 50.5 1006 1123 2 52 50 49.1 48.4 49.8 1019 1084 3 45 50 50.2 47.9 52.6 1007 1097 4 46 50 49.2 46.5 49.8 986 1121 5 47 50 49.1 48.5 49.7 1028 1038 6 52 50 48.1 47.1 49.2 998 1086 7 44 50 49.2 46.6 52.0 985 1081 8 46 50 48.1 47.2 49.1 1008 1044 e 46 53 49.3 48.4 49.5 1010 1099 f 65 52 46.7 47.2 46.1 1008 1090 g 48 51 48.4 48.4 48.3 1039 979 h 50 53 50.0 48.4 51.7 1035 1087 i 52 50 49.1 48.4 49.8 1019 1084

[0047] Thermo-Calc-values according to Table 8 (T-C version N thermodynamic database for steel TCFE99) are based on characteristic amounts for all specified elements in the different variations. The PRE number for the ferrite and austenite is based on their equilibrium composition at 1100° C. T_(max) sigma is the dissolving temperature for the sigma phase, where high dissolving temperatures indicate lower structural stability.

[0048] The distribution of the alloying elements in the ferrite and austenite phase was examined with microprobe analysis, the results appear from Table 9. TABLE 9 Heat Phase Cr Mn Ni Mo W Co Cu N 605258 Ferrite 29.8 1.3 4.8 5.0 1.4 0.11 Austenite 28.3 1.4 7.3 3.4 1.5 0.60 605249 Ferrite 29.8 1.1 5.4 5.1 1.3 0.10 Austenite 27.3 1.2 7.9 3.3 1.6 0.53 605259 Ferrite 29.7 1.3 5.3 5.3 0.5 0.10 Austenite 28.1 1.4 7.8 3.3 0.58 0.59 605260 Ferrite 28.4 1.3 4.4 5.0 1.4 0.08 Austenite 26.5 1.4 6.3 3.6 1.5 0.54 605250 Ferrite 30.1 1.3 5.6 5.1 0.46 0.07 Austenite 27.3 1.4 8.8 3.4 0.53 0.52 605251 Ferrite 29.6 1.2 5.0 5.2 1.3 0.08 Austenite 26.9 1.3 7.6 3.5 1.5 0.53 605261 Ferrite 28.0 1.2 4.5 4.9 0.45 0.07 Austenite 26.5 1.4 6.9 3.3 0.56 0.56 605252 Ferrite 29.6 1.3 5.3 5.2 0.42 0.09 Austenite 27.1 1.4 8.2 3.3 0.51 0.48 605254 Ferrite 28.1 1.3 4.9 5.8 0.89 0.08 Austenite 26.0 1.4 7.6 3.8 1.0 0.48 605255 Ferrite 30.1 1.3 5.0 4.7 2.7 0.08 Austenite 27.0 1.3 7.7 3.0 3.3 0.45 605262 Ferrite 28.8 3.0 5.3 4.8 1.4 0.9 0.08 Austenite 26.3 3.2 8.1 3.0 0.85 1.1 0.46 605263 Ferrite 29.7 1.3 5.1 5.1 1.3 0.91 0.07 Austenite 27.8 1.4 7.7 3.2 0.79 1.1 0.51 605253 Ferrite 30.2 1.3 5.4 5.0 1.3 0.09 Austenite 27.5 1.4 8.4 3.1 1.5 0.48 605266 Ferrite 31.0 1.4 5.7 4.8 0.09 Austenite 29.0 1.5 8.4 3.1 0.52 605269 Ferrite 28.7 1.3 5.2 5.1 1.4 0.9 0.11 Austenite 26.6 1.4 7.8 3.2 0.87 1.1 0.52 605268 Ferrite 29.1 1.3 5.0 4.7 1.3 0.91 0.84 0.12 Austenite 26.7 1.4 7.5 3.2 0.97 1.0 1.2 0.51 605270 Ferrite 30.2 1.2 5.3 5.0 1.3 0.11 Austenite 27.7 1.3 8.0 3.2 1.4 0.47 605267 Ferrite 30.1 1.3 5.1 4.9 1.3 0.08 Austenite 27.8 1.4 7.6 3.1 1.8 0.46

[0049] The pitting corrosion properties of all heats have been tested in the “Green Death” solution (1% FeCl₃, 1% CuCl₂, 11% H₂SO₄, 1.2% HCl) for and ranked. The test procedures are the same as pitting corrosion testing according to ASTM G48C, but the testing will be executed in a more aggressive solution than 6% FeCl₃, the so-called “Green Death” solution. Also the general corrosion testing in 2% HCl (2 tests per heat) was executed for ranking before the dewpoint testing. The results from all tests appear from Table 10, FIG. 2 and FIG. 3. All tested heats perform better than SAF2507 in “Green Death” solution. All heats lie within the identified range of 0.9-1.15; preferably 0.9-1.05 applicable for the ratio PRE austenite/PRE ferrite at the same time as PRE in both austenite and ferrite is in excess of 44 and for most of the heats even considerably in excess of 44. Some of the heats attain a total PRE of 50. It is very interesting to note that heat 605251, alloyed with 1.5 weight % cobalt, performs almost equivalent with heat 605250, alloyed with 0.6 weight % cobalt, in “Green Death” solution in spite of the lower chromium content in heat 605251. It is particularly surprising and interesting because heat 605251 has a PRE number of ca. 48, which is in excess of some of today's commercial superduplex alloys simultaneously as the T_(max) sigma-value below 1010° C. indicates a good structural stability based on the values in Table 2 in Example 1.

[0050] In Table 10 the PREW number (% Cr+3.3% (Mo+0.5% W)+16% N) for the total composition of the alloy and PRE in austenite as well as in the ferrite (rounded off) based on composition of the phases as measured with a micro probe. The content of ferrite was measured after heat-treating at 1100° C. followed by water quenching. TABLE 10 CPT ° C. PREW PREγ/ Green Heat α-halt Total PRE α PRE γ PREα death 605258 48.2 50.3 48.1 49.1 1.021 605249 59.8 48.9 48.3 46.6 0.967 75/80 605259 49.2 50.2 48.8 48.4 0.991 605260 53.4 48.5 46.1 47.0 1.019 605250 53.6 49.2 48.1 46.8 0.974 95/80 605251 54.2 48.2 48.1 46.9 0.976 90/80 605261 50.8 48.6 45.2 46.3 1.024 605252 56.6 48.2 48.2 45.6 0.946 80/75 605254 53.2 48.8 48.5 46.2 0.953 90/75 605255 57.4 46.9 46.9 44.1 0.940 90/80 605262 57.2 47.9 48.3 45.0 0.931 605263 53.6 49.7 49.8 47.8 0.959 605253 52.6 48.4 48.2 45.4 0.942 85/75 605266 62.6 49.4 48.3 47.6 0.986 605269 52.8 50.5 49.6 46.9 0.945 605268 52.0 49.9 48.7 47.0 0.965 605270 57.0 49.2 48.5 45.7 0.944 605267 59.8 49.3 47.6 45.4 0.953

[0051] In order to closer examine the structural stability in detail, the samples In order to examine the structural stability in detail the samples were annealed for 20 minutes at 1080° C., 1100° C. and 1150° C., whereafter they were quenched in water. The temperature, where the amount of intermetallic phase became insignificant was determined with help of investigations in a light optical microscope. A comparison of the structure of the heats after annealing at 1080° C. followed by water quenching indicates which of the heats are more likely to contain undesired sigma phase. The results are shown in Table 11. Control of the structure shows that the heats 605249, 605251, 605252, 605253, 605254, 605255, 605259, 605260, 605266 as well as 605267 are free from unwanted sigma phase. Moreover, heat 605249, alloyed with 1.5 weight % cobalt, is free from sigma phase, while heat 605250, alloyed with 0.6 weight % cobalt, contains a very small amount of sigma phase. Both heats are alloyed with high contents of chromium, approximately 29.0 weight % and the molybdenum content of approximately 4.25 weight %. If one compares the compositions of the heats 605249, 605250, 605251 and 605252 with respect to the content of sigma phase, it is very evident that the range of composition for that optimum material is very narrow, in this case with regard to structural stability. It further shows that the heat 605268 contains only minor amounts of sigma phase compared to heat 605263, which contains much sigma phase. What mainly distinguishes these heats from each other is the addition of copper to heat 605268. Heat 605266 and also 605267 are free from sigma phase; despite of a high content of chromium the later heat is alloyed with copper. Further, the heats 605262 and 605263 with addition of 1.0 weight % tungsten show a structure with much sigma phase, while it is interesting to note that heat 605269, also with 1.0 weight % tungsten but with higher content of nitrogen than 605262 and 605263 shows a considerable smaller amount of sigma phase. Consequently, a very good balance between the different alloying elements at these high alloying contents is required of for example chromium and molybdenum in order to obtain good structural properties.

[0052] Table 11 shows the results from the light optical examination after annealing at 1080° C., 20 min followed by water quenching. The amount of sigma phase is specified with values from 1 to 5, where 1 represents that no sigma phase was detected in the examination, while 5 represents that a very high content of sigma phase was detected in the examination. TABLE 11 Sigma Heat phase Cr Mo W Co Cu N Ru 605249 1 28.8 4.23 1.5 0.38 605250 2 28.8 4.24 0.6 0.40 605251 1 28.1 4.24 1.5 0.38 605252 1 28.4 4.23 0.5 0.37 605253 1 28.8 4.16 1.5 0.37 605254 1 26.9 4.80 1.0 0.38 605255 1 28.6 4.04 3.0 0.31 605258 2 29.0 4.23 1.5 0.46 605259 1 29.0 4.23 0.6 0.45 605260 1 27.5 4.22 1.5 0.44 605261 2 27.8 4.22 0.6 0.43 605262 4 27.6 3.93 1.0 1.0 0.36 605263 5 28.7 3.96 1.0 1.0 0.40 605266 1 30.0 4.02 0.38 605267 1 29.3 4.23 1.5 0.38 605268 2 28.2 3.98 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.43 605269 3 28.5 3.97 1.0 1.0 0.45 605270 3 28.8 4.19 1.5 0.41 0.1

[0053] In Table 12 the results from the impact strength testing of some of the heats are shown. The results are very good, which indicates a good structure after annealing at 1100° C. followed by water quenching and the requirement of 100J will be managed with large margin of all tested heats. TABLE 12 Impact Impact Impact Annealing strength strength strength Heat [° C./min] Quenching [J] [J] [J] 605249 1100/20 Water >300 >300 >300 605250 1100/20 Water >300 >300 >300 605251 1100/20 Water >300 >300 >300 605252 1100/20 Water >300 >300 >300 605253 1100/20 Water 258 267 257 605254 1100/20 Water >300 >300 >300 605255 1100/20 Water >300 >300 >300

[0054]FIG. 4 shows the results from the hot ductility testing of the most of the heats. A good workability is of course of vital importance in order to be able to produce the material into products in forms such as bars, tubes (such as welded and scarmess tubes), plate, strin. wire welding wire, constructive elements (such as flanges and couplings). The heats 605249,605250, 605251, 605252, 605255, 605266 as well as 605267 show somewhat improved hot ductility values.

[0055] Summary of the test results from Examples 1 and 2

[0056] In order to obtain good corrosion properties and still provide good structural stability, hotworkability and weldability, the material should one or move, if not all of the following:

[0057] PRE number in ferrite should exceed 45, but preferably be at least 47;

[0058] PRE number in austenite should exceed 45, but preferably be at least 47;

[0059] PRE number for the entire alloy should preferably be at least 46;

[0060] Relationship PRE austenite/PRE ferrite should be 0.9-1.15; preferably 0.9-1.05;

[0061] The content of ferrite should lie in the range preferably 45-55 volume %;

[0062] T_(max) sigma should not exceed 1010° C.;

[0063] The content of nitrogen should 0.28-0.5 weight %, preferably 0.35-0.48 weight %, more preferably 0.38-0.40 weight %;

[0064] The content of cobalt should lie in the range 0-3,5 weight %, preferably 1.0-2.0 weight %, but preferably 1.3-1.7 weight %.

[0065] In order to ensure the high nitrogen solubility, i.e. if the content of nitrogen is in the range 0.38-0.40 weight %, should the alloy have at least 29 weight % Cr, as well as at least 3.0 weight % Mo, thus the total content of the elements Cr, Mo and N fulfills the requirements of the PRE number.

EXEMPLARY USES AND METHODS ACCORDING TO THE INVENTION

[0066] The oil refining process is very complex and consists of a lot of steps, where non-hydrocarbons such as inorganic chlorides can cause extensive corrosion problems. Crude oil contains different kinds of salts, such as Na, Mg and Ca chlorides. The inorganic MgCl₂ and CaCl₂ are the most critical, because hydrolysis during heating generates hydrochloric acid (HCl). The hydrochloric acid can condense on the materials used in the overhead condensers in the refining plant. The forming of HCl could cause serious corrosion problems, especially in combination with the occurrence of solid salts on the surfaces of the materials, which also appear frequently. The corrosion problems in the overhead condensers in the refining plant are in addition to general corrosion, pitting corrosion to crevice corrosion.

[0067] In certain production units it is cooling water rather than the process fluid that cause corrosion problems. The chloride content of the cooling water can vary from zero in de-ionized water up to approximately 1.5% in seawater.

[0068] During the production of chlorinated hydrocarbon, such as e.g., ethylene dichloride (abbreviated EDC) and vinyl chloride monomer (abbreviated VMC) problems can occur, where condensate of hydrochloric acid, salt forming and chloride containing cooling water give rise to serious attacks on the used constructive material. Also in these plants the corrosion problems mainly in tubes, such as heat exchanger tubes in overhead condensers are especially critical.

[0069] Hydro metallurgy means production of metals from aqueous solution by leaching, solution reclaiming process, precipitation of metals and refining. Also in these processes, a high resistance to local corrosion from chlorides in combination with oxidizing metal ions, which are included in the slurry (mixture of the crushed oxide and processing water), and also the resistance to general corrosion from acids occurring in leaching processes and erosion corrosion.

[0070] Examples for such processes are leaching of nickel and cobalt from laterit ore at high temperatures and high pressure, especially under the preheating step before autoclaves where the acid leaching takes place.

[0071] According to the present invention, careful study and understanding of the alloy materials of the present invention have been associated with a thorough understanding of the above-mentioned applications, resulting in an improved way, or method, of dealing with the problems and demands that have needed an adequate solution. According to the present invention, allows of the type described above are incorporated or used in the types of applications and processes described above to attain the aforementioned benefits and advantages.

[0072] While the present invention has been described by reference to the above-mentioned embodiments, certain modifications and variations will be evident to those of ordinary skill in the art. Therefore, the present invention is limited only by the scope and spirit of the appended claims. 

We claim:
 1. A method of providing corrosion resistance, structural stability, mechanical strength and workability in applications with aggressive environments, such as in oil refining processes and hydro metallurgical processes, the method comprising incorporating an article made at least in part form a ferritic-austenitic duplex stainless steel alloy in the process.
 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the alloy comprises, in weight %: C max 0.03% Si max 0.5% Mn   0-3.0% Cr 24.0-30.0% Ni  4.9-10.0% Mo  3.0-5.0% N 0.28-0.5% B   0-0.0030% S max 0.010% Co   0-3.5% W   0-3.0% Cu   0-2.0% Ru   0-0.3% Al   0-0.03% Ca   0-0.010%

and the balance Fe and normal occurring impurities and additions, whereby the content of ferrite is 40-65 volume- %.
 3. The method according to claim 2, wherein the ferrite content is 42-60 volume %.
 4. The method according to claim 2, wherein the ferrite content is 45-55 volume %.
 5. The method according to claim 2, wherein the PRE or PREW value for both the ferrite and austenite phase is higher than 45 and the PRE or PREW value for the total composition of the alloy is higher than
 46. 6. The method according to claim 2, wherein the ratio between PRE(W) value for austenite phase and PRE(W) value for the ferrite phase is 0.90 to 1.15.
 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the ratio is 0.9-1.05.
 8. The method according to claim 2, further comprising providing the article in the form of at least one of: plate, strip, welding wire, and constructive parts. 